01 数据中心定义01 Data Center Definition

为集中放置的电子信息设备提供运行环境的建筑场所，可以使一栋或几栋建筑物，也可以是一栋建筑物的一部分，包括主机房、辅助区、支持区和行政管理区。 A building that provides an operating environment for centrally placed electronic information equipment. It can be one or several buildings, or part of a building, including a main computer room, auxiliary area, support area and administrative area.

主机房：包括服务器机房、网络机房、存储机房等功能区域； Computer room:Including server room, network room, storage room and other functional areas;

辅助区：包括进线间、测试机房、总控中心、消防和安防控制室、拆包区、备件室、打印室、维修室等区域； Auxiliary area:Including incoming line room, test room, main control center, fire and security control room, unpacking area, spare parts room, printing room, maintenance room and other areas;

支持区：包括变配电室、柴油发电机房、电池室、空调机房、动力站房、不间断电源系统用房、消防设施用房等；行政管理区：包括办公室、门厅、值班室、盥洗室、更衣间和用户工作室等。 Support Area:Including transformer and distribution room, diesel generator room, battery room, air-conditioning room, power station room, uninterruptible power supply system room, fire-fighting facility room, etc.; administrative management area: including office, lobby, duty room, washroom, changing room and user studio, etc.

02 数据中心建设级别 02 Data Center Construction Level

GB50174分为A、B、C三级，A级最高； GB50174 is divided into three levels: A, B, and C, with A being the highest;

TIA-942《数据中心通信基础设施标准》分为T1、T2、T3、T4四级，T4最高； TIA-942 'Data Center Communication Infrastructure Standard' is divided into four levels: T1, T2, T3, and T4, with T4 being the highest;

级别越高安全性越高，在同样规模的IT使用量下，前期的投资会越大。 The higher the level, the higher the security. Under the same scale of IT usage, the initial investment will be greater.

T1数据中心基础设施：最基本的数据中心 T1 Data Center Infrastructure: The Most Basic Data Center

“T1”的数据中心是基本型的数据中心配置，有计划和无计划的运营中断都会影响它的正常运行。数据中心机房配有供配电系统和空调制冷系统，但是它可以或不一定有架高的活动地板、UPS或者发电机设备。如果系统配置了UPS或者发电机，但这些设备是单个模块的系统并且有很多单路径故障点。基于一个年度内进行预防性检修和维护的需要，机房内的这些基础设施需要完全关闭停运。当发生机房内的设备故障、操作错误以及外部因素或自然原因等紧急情况时，将引起数据中心运营的中断。T1机房基础设施没有荣誉的组成部分，可提供99.671%的可用性。 The 'T1' data center is a basic data center configuration, and both planned and unplanned operational interruptions will affect its normal operation. The data center room is equipped with a power supply and distribution system and an air conditioning and refrigeration system, but it may or may not have an elevated raised floor, UPS or generator equipment. If the system is configured with a UPS or generator, these devices are single-module systems and have many single-path failure points. Based on the need for preventive inspection and maintenance within a year, these infrastructures in the computer room need to be completely shut down and shut down. When an emergency such as equipment failure, operating error, external factors or natural causes in the computer room occurs, it will cause the interruption of data center operations. The T1 computer room infrastructure has no honorary components and can provide 99.671% availability.

T2数据中心基础设施：部件冗余 T2 Data Center Infrastructure: Component Redundancy

“T2”的数据中心与“T1”的主要区别是基础设施系统中的关键设备采用了部件冗余配置（N+1）。机房内有架高的活动地板、UPS和发电机，但仍然是单模块系统。关键的供电线路的维修和场地内其他基础设施的维修维护都需要关闭中断。T2的供配电系统和冷却分配虽然仍是单通路组成，但由于关键设备是冗余配置，所以可提供99.741%的可用性。 The main difference between the 'T2' data center and the 'T1' data center is that the key equipment in the infrastructure system uses component redundancy (N+1). The computer room has an elevated raised floor, UPS and generator, but it is still a single-module system. The repair and maintenance of key power supply lines and other infrastructure in the site require shutdown and interruption. Although the power supply and distribution system and cooling distribution of T2 are still composed of a single channel, because the key equipment is redundant, it can provide 99.741% availability.

T3数据中心基础设施：可在线维修 T3 Data Center Infrastructure: Online Repair

“T3”数据中心的功能考虑到了任何有计划的机房基础设施活动安排，而不应使IT设备硬件系统运行中断。有计划的活动安排包括预防性和程序性的维护修理、零部件更换、新设备的增加（扩容）或调整部件的容量、部件和系统的测试等。对使用冷冻水系统的大型机房来说，这表示要配置两套独立的管路，在进行维修或者在一条管路上测试时，另一条管路要保证有足够的容量维持系统正常运行。无计划的活动，例如基础设施的零部件发生故障，仍然会造成数据中心的运行中断。T3由多条有效地电力和冷却分配路径组成，通常只一条路径正常运行，有多余的备用组成部分，所以可在系统正常运行的情况下进行有计划的工作安排，具有可在线维修功能。系统的可用性可达到99.982%。 The function of the 'T3' data center takes into account any planned arrangement of computer room infrastructure activities without interrupting the operation of IT equipment hardware systems. Planned activities include preventive and procedural maintenance repairs, parts replacement, the addition of new equipment (expansion) or adjustment of component capacity, testing of components and systems, etc. For large computer rooms using chilled water systems, this means configuring two independent sets of pipelines. When repairs are carried out or tests are carried out on one pipeline, the other pipeline must ensure sufficient capacity to maintain the normal operation of the system. Unplanned activities, such as failure of infrastructure components, will still cause interruptions in the operation of the data center. T3 consists of multiple effective power and cooling distribution paths. Usually only one path is operating normally. There are redundant spare components, so planned work arrangements can be carried out when the system is operating normally, and it has online maintenance capabilities. The availability of the system can reach 99.982%.

T4数据中心基础设施：故障容错 T4 Data Center Infrastructure: Fault Tolerance

“T4”数据中心基础设施最重要的功能是具备故障容错功能，对于机房有计划的活动安排，包括预防性和程序性的维护修理、零部件更换、新设备的增加（扩容）或调整部件的容量、部件和系统的测试和意外的事件，都要保证系统关键负荷不中断运行。在系统结构上需要同时又两路在线运行，供电系统应该是两个独立的N+1UPS系统冗余。关键负载的最大负荷不应超过每一个系统的最大输出容量90%。“T4”要求全部IT设备硬件有故障容错的双电源输入。严格的故障容错能力使数据中心具有维持意外故障发生或者运行错误时，不发生运行中断的能力。T4由多条有效的电力和冷却分配路径组成，并且具有故障容错功能，可提供99.995%的可用性。 The most important function of the 'T4' data center infrastructure is fault tolerance. For planned activities in the computer room, including preventive and procedural maintenance and repair, parts replacement, addition of new equipment (capacity expansion) or adjustment of component capacity, testing of components and systems, and unexpected events, the critical load of the system must be guaranteed to operate without interruption. In terms of system structure, two routes need to be online at the same time, and the power supply system should be two independent N+1 UPS system redundancy. The maximum load of the critical load should not exceed 90% of the maximum output capacity of each system. 'T4' requires that all IT equipment hardware have dual power inputs with fault tolerance. Strict fault tolerance enables the data center to maintain the ability to maintain uninterrupted operation when unexpected failures occur or operational errors occur. T4 consists of multiple effective power and cooling distribution paths, and has fault tolerance capabilities, providing 99.995% availability.

03 数据中心配电系统 03 Data Center Power Distribution System

配电系统分为动力系统及UPS系统，前端总输入配置柴油发电机。配电系统是保证数据中心不间断运行，支撑数据中心运行的核心系统。 The power distribution system is divided into a power system and a UPS system, and the front-end total input is equipped with a diesel generator. The power distribution system is the core system that ensures the uninterrupted operation of the data center and supports the operation of the data center.

UPS系统包括：UPS、电池、精密配电柜（列头柜）、工业连接器、PDU、STS静态转化开关（重要的单电源设备）； UPS system includes:UPS, batteries, precision power distribution cabinets (distribution cabinets), industrial connectors, PDUs, STS static transfer switches (important single power supply equipment);

动力系统包括：ATS双电源转换开关等； The powertrain includes:ATS dual power transfer switch, etc.

04 数据中心空调系统 04 Data Center Air Conditioning System

空调系统应保证数据中心的温度、湿度、洁净度、正压等，是保证数据中心运行的重要系统。常见的是温湿度独立控制系统。 The air conditioning system should ensure the temperature, humidity, cleanliness, positive pressure, etc. of the data center, and is an important system to ensure the operation of the data center. The most common is the independent temperature and humidity control system.

动力：空调主机（冷机/热泵、水泵、板换）、冷却塔； power:Air conditioning host (chiller/heat pump, water pump, plate exchanger), cooling tower;

新风系统有过滤、降温、去湿的功能，保证机房的正压和洁净度。（新风机、防火阀）； Fresh air systemIt has the functions of filtering, cooling and dehumidifying to ensure the positive pressure and cleanliness of the machine room. (Fresh air fan, fire damper);

排风系统用于气体灭火后的排风，人工启动。集中设置排风机的系统，支管处设置电动密闭阀； Exhaust systemUsed for exhaust after gas fire extinguishing, manually started. For a system with centralized exhaust fan, an electric sealing valve is installed at the branch pipe;

末端设备有精密空调、加湿器等； Terminal equipmentThere are precision air conditioners, humidifiers, etc.

给排水管道应采取防渗漏和防结露的措施； Water supply and drainageThe pipeline should takeMeasures to prevent leakage and condensation;

在房间内温度不超限的情况下，空调系统允许中断。 The air conditioning system is allowed to be interrupted if the temperature in the room does not exceed the limit.

05 数据中心的气流组织 05 Airflow organization in data centers

机房空调送风形式有上送风和下送风两种 There are two types of air supply for computer room air conditioners: upper air supply and lower air supply.

A 上送风： A. Upward air supply:

上送风系统在机房顶部安装散风口，冷风从出风口排出对机房内制冷，这种送风方式由于冷风先与空气混合，影响制冷效果，一般适合用在小型机房或是散热量小的机房一般也采用将天花板以上作为静压箱来处理，当有的用户需要接风管是时候，我们希望风管不宜过长，应保证静压消耗小于75Pa，如确实需要较长风管，考虑采用增压风机系统来弥补； The upper air supply system installs air outlets on the top of the computer room, and the cold air is discharged from the outlet to cool the computer room. This air supply method affects the cooling effect because the cold air is mixed with the air first. It is generally suitable for small computer rooms or computer rooms with small heat dissipation. Generally, the area above the ceiling is used as a static pressure box. When some users need to connect air ducts, we hope that the air ducts should not be too long and the static pressure consumption should be less than 75Pa. If a longer air duct is really needed, consider using a booster fan system to make up for it;

B 下送风： B Downward air supply:

下送风在地板上开孔，将地板下作为一个静压箱，在机架下方装有出风口，使经过空气调节的较低温度气体自下而上流过程控机架，将热量带走，精密空调冷风向下排出，将冷风送向机房内设备达到制冷，从而保证设备在一个适宜的环境温度下工作。 Holes are opened on the floor for downward air supply, and the floor is used as a static pressure box. Air outlets are installed under the racks, so that the air-conditioned lower temperature gas flows from bottom to top through the process control racks, taking away the heat. The cold air from the precision air conditioner is discharged downward and sent to the equipment in the computer room to achieve cooling, thereby ensuring that the equipment works at a suitable ambient temperature.

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冷通道、热通道 Cold aisle, hot aisle

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上送风、下送风示意 Upward and downward air supply

上送风方式的优点： Advantages of upper air supply:

1）上走线方式，机房内没设活动地板，空调机组所需加湿给水管、凝结水排管均为明布置，一旦有漏水现象，能快速发现，及时排除，消除引起机房不安全的因素。 1)The wiring is arranged upwards, and there is no movable floor in the computer room. The humidification water supply pipes and condensate discharge pipes required by the air-conditioning unit are all arranged openly. Once there is a water leakage, it can be quickly discovered and eliminated in time, eliminating the factors that cause unsafe conditions in the computer room.

2）机房内没有活动地板，不易积灰，即使房间有灰尘，清理打扫很方便，从而使空调机组的过滤网使用时间长，减少维护管理的工作量。 2)There is no raised floor in the machine room, so dust is not easy to accumulate. Even if there is dust in the room, it is easy to clean, which prolongs the service life of the filter of the air-conditioning unit and reduces the workload of maintenance and management.

3）机房设备若是分期分批、逐步安装的，空调设备也是与设备同步分批安装，上走线的机房有利于空调设备加湿给水管、凝结水排水管的扩容建设。 3)If the equipment in the computer room is installed in stages and batches step by step, the air-conditioning equipment is also installed in batches synchronously with the equipment. The computer room with upper wiring is conducive to the expansion of the humidification water supply pipes and condensate drainage pipes of the air-conditioning equipment.

上送风方式的缺点： Disadvantages of upward air supply:

1）上送风的空调送风方式是由机房的上部送到设备，与热空气交换后，从机房的下部回到空调机组内。机房的送风气流组织与空气流动特性相矛盾，从而使得房间最下部温度偏高，不利于设备的运行。 1)The air supply method of the upper air supply air conditioner is to send air from the upper part of the machine room to the equipment, exchange with the hot air, and then return to the air conditioning unit from the lower part of the machine room. The air supply airflow organization of the machine room is inconsistent with the air flow characteristics, which makes the temperature at the bottom of the room high, which is not conducive to the operation of the equipment.

2）根据机房的大小，空调机组送风距离的长短，空调上送风具体形式有所不同。需要送风距离较短时，可以用消音送风帽的风口直接送到机房内，机房内的气流组织为上侧送风下侧回风方式。需要送风距离较长时，就需要在机房上部设送风管道，通过空调送风管、送风口把空气送到机房的所需部位，这样，送风管和送风口就需要与设备的各类走线架、照明灯具进行协调，以免相互打架矛盾，给设计、施工带来一定的工作量。 2)The specific form of air supply on the air conditioner varies according to the size of the room and the distance of the air supply from the air conditioner. When the air supply distance is short, the air outlet of the silencer can be used to directly deliver the air to the room. The air flow in the room is organized as upper air supply and lower air return. When the air supply distance is long, it is necessary to install air supply ducts on the upper part of the room to deliver air to the required parts of the room through the air supply ducts and air outlets of the air conditioner. In this way, the air supply ducts and air outlets need to be coordinated with various wiring racks and lighting fixtures of the equipment to avoid conflicts and bring a certain amount of work to the design and construction.

3）由于上送风方式是直接将风吹到机房内或是用送风管和送风口送到机房，所需送风机的机外余压相对下送风要高，再加上送风没有了活动地板，送风本身的风声也比下送风要高，因此，同样规格的空调机组，上送风型比下送风型噪声要高些。 3)Since the upward air supply method blows the air directly into the machine room or uses air supply ducts and air supply outlets to deliver the air to the machine room, the required external residual pressure of the air supply fan is higher than that of the downward air supply. In addition, the air supply does not have a movable floor, and the wind noise of the air supply itself is also higher than that of the downward air supply. Therefore, for air-conditioning units of the same specifications, the upward air supply type has higher noise than the downward air supply type.

4）对于进深较大的通信机房，为了空调送风均匀，需要增加送风管，机房上部因通信走线桥架、空调风管、照明灯具等的布置，显得比较杂乱，没有下送风方式机房整齐美观。 4)For communication rooms with a large depth, it is necessary to add air supply ducts to ensure uniform air supply from the air conditioner. The upper part of the room appears rather messy due to the arrangement of communication wiring bridges, air conditioning ducts, lighting fixtures, etc., and the room is not as neat and beautiful as the one with downward air supply.

下送风方式的优点： Advantages of down-air supply:

1）下送风方式是将低温空气直接从底部送到设备内，吸收设备的热量后，从机房顶部回到空调机组顶部。空调风流动方向与空气特性相一致，容易得到好的空调效果。 1)The downward air supply method is to send low-temperature air directly from the bottom to the equipment. After absorbing the heat of the equipment, it returns to the top of the air conditioning unit from the top of the machine room. The air conditioning wind flow direction is consistent with the air characteristics, which makes it easy to get a good air conditioning effect.

2）地板下的空间比风管断面的面积要大许多，这就形成了静压箱，因此下送风方式送风均匀，整个机房区域的温差小。 2)The space under the floor is much larger than the cross-sectional area of the air duct, which forms a static pressure box. Therefore, the downward air supply method supplies air evenly and the temperature difference in the entire computer room area is small.

3）因为送风是在活动地板内，从而使下风的距离与上送风方式在同等条件下，所需的送风风压低，空调设备和送风噪声相对会低一些。 3)Because the air supply is in the raised floor, the downwind distance is the same as the upward air supply method, and the required air supply pressure is low, and the air conditioning equipment and air supply noise will be relatively lower.

4）单从空调专业的角度出发，下送风方式不需送风风管和送风口，对于设计施工来说，相对简单方便，空调设备的摆放就可以灵活的进行调整。由于下送风将通信各类管线，空调专业的管线均隐藏在活动地板内，从而使得机房内显得整齐美观。仅从空调专业投资来说，相对上送风而言投资会低一点。 4)From the perspective of air conditioning, the downward air supply method does not require air supply ducts and air supply outlets. It is relatively simple and convenient for design and construction, and the placement of air conditioning equipment can be flexibly adjusted. Since the downward air supply hides all kinds of communication pipelines and air conditioning pipelines in the raised floor, the machine room looks neat and beautiful. From the perspective of air conditioning investment alone, the investment is lower than that of upward air supply.

下送风方式的缺点： Disadvantages of down-air supply:

1）因为活动地板主要是给设备布置各类通信管线用的，一些建设单位从减少消防保护区、降低气体灭火系统投资方面考虑，活动地板的净高度不到500ｍｍ，一般在工程初期时设备少，管线少，且开始管线的布置也是整齐有序，能保证有足够的空间给空调送风用，随着工程的不断扩容，设备管线愈来愈多，加上后期的施工也是怎样省事怎样做，从而无法保证空调送风所需的足够面积，从而影响空调效果。 1)Because the movable floor is mainly used for arranging various communication pipelines for equipment, some construction units consider reducing the fire protection area and lowering the investment in the gas fire extinguishing system, so the net height of the movable floor is less than 500mm. Generally, there are few equipment and pipelines in the early stage of the project, and the pipelines are arranged neatly and orderly at the beginning, which can ensure that there is enough space for air conditioning. With the continuous expansion of the project, there are more and more equipment pipelines, and the later construction is done as much as possible to save trouble, so it is impossible to ensure sufficient area for air conditioning, which affects the air conditioning effect.

2）尽管机房密封性较好，但还是有灰尘进入机房，活动地板下面极易藏污纳垢，而且清理很难，如果管理不善，会造成一些部位有灰尘集聚，空调下送风会使灰尘随风进入设备，增加设备故障。 2)Although the machine room is well sealed, dust still enters the room. Dirt is easily hidden under the movable floor and it is difficult to clean. If it is not managed properly, dust will accumulate in some areas. The air supply from the air conditioner will cause dust to enter the equipment with the wind, increasing equipment failures.

3）下送风空调方式的加湿给水管、凝结水排水管都布置在活动地板内，出现问题时不易发现，易造成安全隐患。 3)The humidification water supply pipes and condensate drainage pipes of the down-flow air conditioning system are arranged in the movable floor. When problems occur, they are difficult to find and may easily cause safety hazards.

06 PUE 06 PUE

PowerUsage Effectiveness，电源使用效率，PUE= 数据中心总设备能耗/IT设备能耗，PUE是一个比值，基准是2，越接近1表明能效水平越好，表示一个数据中心的绿色化程度越高 Power Usage Effectiveness, PUE = total data center equipment energy consumption / IT equipment energy consumption. PUE is a ratio with a benchmark of 2. The closer it is to 1, the better the energy efficiency level, indicating a higher degree of greenness of a data center.

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